Government and Politics - The Benefits of Federalism :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Government and Politics - The Benefits of Federalism In the early days of the United States, it was obvious to many that a system combining both federalism and representative democracy was needed. According to the textbook, â€Å"the people were too widely dispersed, and the country’s transportation and communication systems too primitive to be governed [solely] from a central location† (pg. 58). Although today both communication and transportation are highly advanced, America still maintains a federal system. The driving force behind that system is our increasingly expanding diversity. The United States ranks fourth in the world in size (www.stats.demon.nl/chart.area25.htm) and third in population (www.census.gov/ipc/www/idbrank.html). There are 213 languages spoken in America (www.sil.org/ethnologue/countries/USA.html) and probably just as many religions practiced. Federalism is the method by which this diverse population is better represented in the democracy of the United States. The national government makes many important decisions that impact our daily lives; however, there are some issues on which the opinion of the American public varies widely. In our federal system, the states are usually responsible for making policies that involve social, family, and moral/religious issues. This is one of the most important advantages of a federal system. The decentralization of the government allows the desires and needs of smaller groups of people to be acknowledged and fulfilled at the local level. Californians differ in many ways from residents of Arkansas who differ greatly from Alaskans. Variations in culture and lifestyle create needs for different political policies. A large, single, centralized government would be unable to make efficient social policies that were compatible with the convictions of a majority of America’s diverse groups. However, the national government still has enough power, through a system of checks and balances , to obliterate local policies that infringe upon the human rights of smaller factions. Federalism is not, of course, without disadvantages. To begin with, more levels of government equal a larger bureaucracy with many more people involved in the decision-making process. This provides more opportunities for corrupt government officials. Federalism also means that a complex tax system must exist so that each level of government receives funds from those in its jurisdiction in order to carry out laws and policies.

Clinical Decision Support

A state of irritability, exhaustion, or bewilderment triggered in clinicians who have been exposed to too many alerts which cause the user to ignore some or all the alerts. American National Standards Institute (ANSI) ; coordinates for the development of Health bevel Seven's Arden Syntax Standard. Bar Code Medication Administration (ABACA) ; An inpatient CADS to assist nurses with the five rights of medication administration. ; Provides warnings if any of the five rights are violated. ; It also requires the nurses to enter an override reason if he/she chooses to proceed.Bar Code Medication Administration Health Level Seven (HAL) ; A standards development organization for health information technology (HIT) Look-Alike, Sound-Alike (ALAS) ; Drugs with similar spelling or pronunciation. ; Refers to providing clinicians or patients with clinical knowledge and patient-related information, intelligently filtered or presented to appropriate times, to enhance patient care. ; Integrate patie nt-specific data with an available knowledge base in order to assist the clinician in selecting and delivering the safest and most effective therapies.Clinical Decision Support System A system intended to provide CDC to clinicians, caregivers and health care consumers. ; An Automated CADS includes: 1. A Knowledge base 2. An Event monitor 3. A Communication system Take Note: ; CADS may be a stand alone system ; CADS may be integrated into other technology solutions (ex. Bar code scanning technology and e-Prescribing) General Attributes of CADS 1. Designed for three purposes: Improve the quality of clinical decisions Notify of potential change in patient status ;. Prevent errant action at the point of care a.Error of commission b. Error of omission 2. Patient specificity 3. Context sensitive- relates directly to the work at hand 4. Integrated into workflow- convenient to use. 5. Timely- executes in real time 6. Pushes information to the clinician, care-giver or health care consumer 7. Intelligently filtered clinical information ; Information, advice or warning is relevant and meaningful ; CADS uses patient data to infer that the message is actually needed. ; CADS is customizable to clinical preferences. Types of Clinical Decision Support A. Patient-specific CADS B.Non-patient specific CADS ; This type of CADS consist of three types f alerts 1 . Commercial drug-interaction alerting system 2. Commercial dose and dose-range checking alerts 3. Commercial clinical rules engine Commercial drug-interaction alerting system ; Most common in COPE and Pharmacy Information systems. ; Provides alerts for drug-allergy, drug-drug, drug-pregnancy and other interactions. ; Limitation is that severity levels Of drug interaction is pre-assigned by the vendor based on the anticipated adverse reaction and cannot be customized.Four Possible Results from deterioration alerting system Alert Result Produces alert? Relevant? Clinician deeds to see? True Positive Yes True Negative NO No P ositive False Yes but never gets the chance Commercial dose and dose-range checking alerts ; Currently, this is rudimentary using few patient data, usually only age. Therefore this systems only loosely fit paternalistic category. Commercial clinical rules engine ; These allow local development or customization of clinical content and programming logic. 2. 3. 4.Data mining Informational notice Order sets Knowledge retrieval systems ; Provides population specific relationships and information. ; Encompasses numerous methods used to identify patterns and relationships in data. ; Usually just-in-time, product specific information. ; Examples: 1 . Provides alert for possible ALAS 2. In COPE, it might be order specific information such as the cost off lab test, or formula status of a drug. ; An organized set of patient care orders that are usually population, procedure or disease specific. It may be evidence-based such as clinical guideline. ; The KIRKS ; It could be: 1. Primary KIRKS ex. Google and 2. Secondary KIRKS (Harridan's online) 3. Tertiary KIRKS (ASAP, Thomson Health care and How to maximize the benefits Of CADS? Maximizing the benefits 1. Ensure that the data available for decision-making is as comprehensive as possible. Data should be current and urge Larry updated. 2. Optimize the method by which the decision support information is delivered to the health care provider values of CADS ; Application of CADS in different current medical technologies available: 1.COPE 2. OMAR(Getronics Medication Administration 3. Smart Pumps 4. Automated distribution cabinets CADS in COPE CADS integrated in COPE can: ; Reduce medication errors (any preventable event that may lead to inappropriate medication use or cause harm to he patient while the medication is in the control of a health care professional, patient or consumer) ; Improve compliance with recommended monitoring or adjunctive therapies. ; Improve efficiency by reducing the time spent clarifying incomplete ord ers. Screen for a variety or risks on the point of entry (ex. Duplicate therapy, drug-drug, allergic cross sensitivities) ; can reduced mathematical errors by automating weight-based and similar dosing calculations. ; can identify possible ALAS medications. Computerized Provider Order Entry CADS in Omar ; OMAR (Electronic Medication Administration Record) CADS integrated in Omar can: ; Can provide real time confirmation of the 5 rights of medication administration: 1. Right medication 2. Right dose 3. Right route 4. Right patient 5.Right time ; Can screen for recent changes in laboratory parameters, vital signs, or allergy status which may interact with a scheduled medication and alert the nurse prior to administration. ; Ex: laboratory shows critical level of potassium thereby alerting the nurse before administering dioxin to patient. CADS in Smart Pumps ; Smart pump- a computerized infusion device that can be programmed to include specific set of data. CADS integrated in Smart Pum ps can: ; Provide real time confirmation of the volume, rate and concentration of the solution being administered.Smart Pumps CADS in Automated Dispensing Cabinets ; ADS- secure storage cabinets typically located decennially on patient care units capable of handling most unit-dose and multiple dose medications. ; CADS integrated in ADS can: ; Notify nurses of potential hypersensitivity or ADAIR when certain trigger medications are withdrawn for a patient. ; In pharmacy, can provide alerts when medication is withdrawn too early or too ate based on scheduled administration time. Automated Dispensing Cabinets Unintended consequences in CADS ; A. Alert fatigue ; 8. Delay in care ; C. System performance A.Alert fatigue ; Tendency users to become overwhelmed and begin to ignore CDC messages due to a high quantity of alerts or a perception that the alerts have little perceived value. B. Delay in care ; The risk that interruptions in the workflow caused by clinical decision support alerts o r system limitations may lead to a delay in delivery of patient care. C. System Performance ; The risk that the processor resources seed by the CADS will cause the hospital information system software to perform slowly. Arden syntax standard ; A programming language designed for clinicians to build clinical rules. Streamlined computer language based on Pascal. ; Developed in Columbia University Arden Homestead in 1989. ; This standard provides a method to construct clinical rules, such as alerts, reminders and recommendations, known as Ml. ; Provides a flexible and clinically way to develop Ml. What is Ml? Ml ; Means Medical Logical Modules ; Offers a suggestion or warning (alert, recommendation or reminder) regarding a alnico decision or action, or an informational notice to report a change in a patient's clinical status.

Outline for Gmo

Genetically –modified food of persuasion Specific Purpose: To persuade our audience that genetically modified foods are not safe for consumption. Central Idea: Genetically modified foods may bring a new allergen that we may not be prepared to treat. We put more synthetic toxins into our bodies. I. Introduction A. (Attention Getter) Soon, kids may actually have a good reason not to eat vegetables. Genetically modified foods, vegetables and fruits, â€Å"Frankedfoods†, are making their way from science labs to the dinner table.B. (Thesis Statement) The processed food that has the entire chemical added in it in order to make the food to last longer has the effect of harming the people due to the fact that everyone has their own reaction to certain chemicals. C. (Justification) Currently genetically modified (GM) crops are grown in more than 25 countries. Big transitional companies are carrying out dangerous global experiment by introducing large numbers of genetically modi fied foods into our diet. D. Speaker Credibility) I work at the fast food industry for about six years and I know fast food is bad but I didn’t know how bad it really is. After researching and reading articles about engineered food I have learn so much more what the food contains and it is shocking. E. (Preview of Main points) 1. First I will discuss the health problems of GM foods. 2. Next, how it is important to label the food, and how the government should be involved. 3. Lastly, how we can stop genetically modified foods.

Disability Discrimination In The Work Force

Disability refers to the state in which a person may be physically or even mentally impaired. Impairment may limit a person from performing certain tasks. Disability may either be in form of a terminal disease or physical like the inability to use some parts of the body. People with disability have for quite some time been sidelined especially in the carrying out of public duties. Discrimination has especially been rampant in the working areas and in job markets. There has been believe that physically or mentally challenged persons are unable to perform tasks like the other persons. Another form of discrimination is the racial discrimination.Person subjected to this kind are often thought inferior to their counterparts. This may subject them to rejection in job markets regardless of their qualifications. Despite the many laws relating to the rights of the disabled persons, employment rate is still high rated as current estimates have discovered. The issue of discrimination has raised concern especially with organizations which protects and fights for the disabled human rights. It has been found out that many physically challenged individuals have the capability to perform similar jobs with other persons. They also compete fairly in the job areas.There is thus need to create favorable environment for such individuals. Challenges faced by the disabled persons at work places A study conducted in March 2008 by David Grinberg on job discrimination showed an increase of 9% in a span of five years. Out of this, 14% were disability related discrimination. Job places have been identified as areas where physically and mentally challenged persons are highly discriminated. To begin with, to get a job for these people takes much longer than for their counterparts. Employers are usually prejudiced and end up turning off disabled persons even when they qualify for the jobs.This has led to high levels of unemployment for the disabled persons, (Grinberg & Nazer para. 2). Potent ial employers also site the lack of facilities to accommodate them. They argue that the cost of accommodating them is high which may only mean additional cost to the businesses. They are afraid that the disabled persons may not perform as expected which may lead to a decrease in their output thus profitability. Also most building has not been constructed in a way to accommodate especially the physically challenged persons. This poses a major obstacle even to the potential employers (Grinberg & Nazer para.3).In the jobs however, the situations are not much different for the disabled. They suffer discrimination from they colleagues at work and even sometimes from their employers. This is usually notable by the exclusion they face from the social cliques of other employees. They are also looked down upon and the environment is usually not so conducive for them. They also tend to be segregated from the major activities in their work places. This has led to high turnover for the disabled and even worse a low morale in their work. Promotion for the disabled also comes in hardy in the job areas.Though they perform fairly the same with their counterparts, or even sometimes better as research has discovered, their labor is barely recognized by their employers (Barnes, et al pp. 27). Harassment in job areas for the disabled is also high. For a long time, the disabled have been equaled to beggars. Some employees feel that they are helping the disabled and it’s not really for job purposes. They thus end up threatening them with dismissal with others demanding for special offers from these kind of employees. Harassment has also been seen in the area of granting leaves and in termination.Most disabled persons are rarely granted family leaves and when they do; their allowances are scrapped off (Australian Public Service Commission para. 3). This has led to a cry of justice in the recent past with people calling for enactment of laws to protect the disabled. Ignorance of the rights of the disabled has also led to an increase in harassment behavior in the job areas. The disabled persons are unaware of the set rules which protect them from these practices. Other forms of harassment may include comment or actions aimed at demeaning their subject or conduct meant to intimidate its target person (Barnes, et al pp.34). Sexual harassment on disabled person at work places has also been reported. Employers take advantage of especially the mentally challenged persons to exploit them. This has challenge has been camouflaged by the lack of well coordinated government and welfare associations. The aggrieved parties thus do not know the right channels to use to seek for assistance (Barnes, et al pp. 43). Most mentally disabled person face challenges in the work place because unlike their counterparts, they tend to be slower. The organizations have not set up enabling environment to accommodate them.This has in turn lead to criticism and accuses of laziness. Su ch persons are demoralized as they are led to believe do not measure up to others. Physically challenged individual also find it hard in areas where they are restricted due to their disabilities (Australian Public Service Commission para. 4, 5). Most offices for example have no places for wheeling the wheel chairs making it impossible for these persons. Others affected by office arrangements are the blind. Many organizations lack facilities for them and if they do, they are rarely updated. This makes the disabled to lag behind in matters of technology and information.Most disabled person also requires adjustments in their working hours. This however is not provided in the job places thus posing a major block to this people. There are also few job varieties available for the disabled persons. This leads to high potential of them being under-utilized. This jobs are most often low paying and with low prospect of promotion (Australian Public Service Commission para. 8). Apart from job r elated areas, the disabled are better talented in other areas than their counterparts. However, this potential is always not recognized as they are not included in the organizations out of office activities.Also, whereas the management offers training to the other employees, this is not so with mostly the mentally and visual challenged employees. The management sites high costs for such training thus rendering these employees unproductive and inefficient. For the physically impaired employees, no arrangement is done for them to attend job related seminars. This diminishes their chances of promotions (Daniel pp. 4). Disabled persons also face problems of low esteem at work places. This is because they are led to believe that they are less endowed than their counterparts.This in turn may lead to poor performance which ultimately leads to dismissals. Interpersonal relation between the disabled and the rest is characterized by prejudices from both sides. This leads to formation of unhea lthy social classes thus tension at work places. Many laws have so far been passed regarding the plight of the disabled. The public seem to be ignorant of them; this calls for public awareness and education on how to handle people with disabilities. However, the physically, mentally and visually challenged persons have a role to play to ensure that these practices are done away with in working places (Daniel pp.7).Disability should not be a reason to make one look down his abilities or even allow other to do so. They should work to ensure that all the prejudices surrounding them due to disability are eliminated (Taylor pp. 12, 13). They should also learn to fight for their rights at job places. Disability rights should be well explained to the employers as well as other employees to ensure that such conflict does not arise in job areas. Conclusion The government should ensure that they set up agencies to look into the plight of the disabled persons.These people should also be synthe sized on these matters and encouraged to seek legal actions against a person violating their rights. The employment laws should also be revised to ensure the correct working environment is created and the necessary adjustments are made to accommodate the challenged persons. Employment agencies should also be set up to help link the disabled persons with potential employers. Managers should also be given funding and other support necessary so as to reduce the costs associated with employing the disabled persons (Taylor pp.17).Lack of proper and up to date information to the disabled persons has also been noted as a major drawback at the work areas. The government should ensure that these people are taught relevant and current affairs so as to be competitive enough at their work areas. Organizations should also set measure to ensure that all the employees are well represented in all educational issues. This would help raise the morale of the disabled persons and as well help improve t he inter-relations among all employees.

Nuclear Technology

One question that has caused a great deal of controversy over the years is nuclear technology. Although it offers a number of advantages in world peace and green power, it is also a dangerous technology. In this essay I intend to show how these benefits outweigh that disadvantage. The opponents of nuclear power generally base their arguments on the danger it represents to the world. There are two main dangers: the risk of nuclear warfare and the nuclear disasters. If one thinks about Chernobyl, it is easy to understand why people are worried about nuclear power, as it can cause major suffering. There are, however, two good reasons for believing that nuclear technology is generally advantageous. The first of these is that there has not been a major world conflict since the invention of nuclear weapons. While there have been wars, they have not been on the same scale as the Second World War. It is possible to say that the world is a safer place because of nuclear weapons. The other most significant benefit relates to the environment. Perhaps the greatest danger facing our world today is a combination of global warming and the greenhouse effect. This danger is caused partly by burning fossil fuels which leads to our polluted atmosphere. Nuclear power, however, is a much greener alternative which does not have such negative effects. Furthermore, in the last 50 years there have not been too many nuclear disasters and many experts claim that it is in fact a safe technology. In conclusion I would say that nuclear technology is better than the current alternatives. However, I also believe we should keep looking for ways to make it safer.

Unit 3 Theoretical Criminology Anomie Theory Essay

Unit 3 Theoretical Criminology Anomie Theory - Essay Example Indeed, the above fact can be used to account for white-collar crime. Of interesting to note is that mertonian approaches leaned towards white-collar crime and the anomie theory was used in explaining this kind of crime. This is based on the fact that the theory tends to explain why crime occurs and as such this can be used to explain why there is occurrence of white collar crime. Notably, criminals adopting cultural endorsed objective or goals of financial success illegally mainly characterize white-collar crime. Most white-collar crimes are related to the need of the offenders to gain money or other stuffs in order to fit in particular social classes or culture. This is more seen in criminals who are out there to become richer than before. As such, social and cultural factors, as considered by Merton, influence white collar jobs (Gomme 56). To emphasize on this, some researches carried out have showed that most convicted white collar criminals were caught while still working and they claim that they were trying to achieve economic success through illegal means (Akers and Sellers 45). As such, they can be said to be innovators given that at the time of committing crime they were after economic success. Innovators are considered to be those individuals who continually embrace material and monetary success as a goal to follow; however, they turn to criminal activities to achieve this success. Street gangs are groups formed mainly youth who are not capable of obtaining what they require through conventional means. Indeed, through these streets groups, the individuals find money and friendship and most of what they desire. Using strain theory, one may attempt to explain how various factors such as homelessness, poverty, lack of opportunity and parenting largely contribute to the formation of crime and crime (Warner and Flower 511). In relation to

Methods of Investments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Methods of Investments - Essay Example Money market accounts are a type of savings account, in which money is invested at a high-interest rate, with high restrictions on its withdrawal.A money market account offers a very high rate of interest on the amount deposited. Furthermore, the interest is compounded daily, and paid monthly, which means that the interest amount keeps on increasing based on the compounded interest. This normally pays off the highest, and it is safe due to the fact that most money market banking systems are insured by Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.There mostly is a high cap on the minimum amount that may be left in a money market account so most banks might not even accept the $1,000 as a deposit amount. Furthermore, there are restrictions on the number of transactions that can be made per month which limits user control, and there are high transaction fees as well. All these things have to be kept in check when a money market account is made.A passbook savings account is one for which all tr ansactions including deposits, withdrawals, and interest, are recorded in a passbook accessible to the account holder. This is updated by the bank on a routine basis.A passbook savings account allows the account holder to observe his banking trends and extract profitable patterns from the records. Also, this account has a higher degree of transaction freedom than a money market account. Thus it is beneficial to those account holders who have a keen interest in the trends and they do not need a monthly statement.