Reader Respond to Short Story We Might as Well Be Stranger

A Responds to a Short Story Entitled â€Å"We Might As Well Be Strangers† by M. E Kerr Sofyan Widianto 0909032 English Literature Indonesia University of Education 2012 Based on my understanding to the short story Entitled â€Å"We Might As Well Be Strangers† written by M. E Kerr, after close reading and deep thinking to the short story I bravely assume that the short story shows the independency of a woman. The independency of a woman is shown through the main character in this story. The main problem in this short story discusses about Alison that isdescribed as a teenage girl who is lesbian to Laura, her best friend.It will be explained in the textual evidences below. â€Å" No, that’s first. Frist am going to say that there was no need to announce it. You think I don’t know what’s going on with you and Laura? I don’t need eyes in the back of my head to figure that out†. â€Å"I can’t do anything about it, can I? I see it ev ery time you bring her here. I would like to believe it’s a stage you’re going trhought, but from what I’ve read and heard it isn’t†. The certain conversations above are the speech that are told by Alison’s mother that indicate that Alison is a lesbian.It’s also supported by the speech of Alison Grand mother. We can see on the textual evidance below. â€Å"So you don’t have to tell me about what it feels like to be an outsider. You don’t have to tell me about prejudice. But, Alison, I thank you for telling me about your self. I’m proud that you told me first. † Both of speech acts told and emphasize implicitly about Alison identity as a lesbian. As the explanations before that in this story Alison represent the independency of a woman, Alison decides to choose her own way to be a lesbian.It is shown in the conversation between she and her mother. We can see it from the Alison speech trough the conversation b etween she and her mother. â€Å" mom it’s not a choice. Was is a choise when you felt in love with Dad? † â€Å"most definetly i chose him! † We can see that Alisson starts to chalange her mother about a logical opinion about love. Lets see the other interesting on the conversation below. â€Å" So what if the world was different, and men loved men and women loved women, but where still you? What would you do?My mother shrugged. â€Å"Find another world, I guess. † â€Å"So that’s what I did. I found another World†. From the speech from Alisson above it obviously shows the independency of her to make a descion to her own life. She says that words to her mother explicitly. For me, that speech is the most powerful evidence of Alison, and it indicates the independency of her. From the explanation above i bravely conclude that the potray Alison in this short story represents the independency of women to decide and to choose what women really w ant to do.

Hayao Miyazaki’s Spirited Away and Japaneseness Essay

Japan is a country rich in tradition and culture. Hayao Miyazaki, the face of Japanese anime film world wide, has displayed this culture and Japanese value(s) throughout his career in many of his films. Spirited Away (2001) is arguably his most famous and successful film to date. Throughout the film, there are numerous displays of â€Å"Japaneseness.† The themes present in the film represent the value structure, and what Japan sees as important among its history and tradition. Hayao Miyazaki was born in Tokyo, Japan in 1941. His father was an executive member of the family company, Miyazaki Aircraft, at which he helped build military aircraft parts during WWII. As a result, his family found ease with the great wealth that they shared in, which young Miyazaki was sometimes troubled by. He felt guilty for living well during a period in time where many Japanese were suffering at the hands of the war (MacWilliams and Schodt 256). He graduated university with a degree in political science and economics, which heightened his understanding of the distressed Japanese economic climate. This expertise, coupled with his childhood guilt, would lead him to write certain subject matter into many of his films. In 1985, Miyazaki joined forces with fellow anime director and writer, Isao Takahata, to create Studio Ghibli (Napier). The studio went on to produce some of the most popular animated films to come out of Japan –including Miyazaki’s masterpiece, Spirited Away. Studio Ghibli, and specifically, Mr. Miyazaki’s work, has been compared to America’s Walt Disney Studios, and has even been unofficially dubbed â€Å"Disney of Japan† and â€Å"Disney of the East† by some fans and critics. â€Å"Miyazaki’s films do not operate on Hollywood logic, and his storytelling style may seem strange, even frustrating to a Western audience brought up on Disney†¦the fantastic is more accepted in Japanese culture than it is in the Western world, which carries the heritage of the Enlightenment in its psyche† (Baskan). Miyazaki  has become the well-known face of fantastical anime film across the globe. He integrates Japanese spiritual beliefs and culture in all his films in such a way that his characters and themes surpass ethnic borders and resonate with all viewe rs. His most famous film, Spirited Away, creates a seemingly abstract view of the world through Japanese values and traditions while subtly presenting the realities of today’s world. Some common themes among the film, Spirited Away include: themes of life and death, survival, maturation, the economy and its influences, and transcendence (whether it be physically transcending a threshold, or otherwise). By showcasing these themes, Miyazaki is able to showcase the Japanese Value system. For example, there is a big presence of elders in Miyazaki films. The Japanese put a big emphasis of respecting elders. Other values, which may appear to be subtle among the Japanese, but showcase widely for the international audience, include things like taking off your shoes when entering a home, or respect for nature or the spirits. In class, we talked about the Shinto tradition and the relatedness between the spiritual, natural, and human worlds. This is very widely emphasized in Spirited Away. The entire film is based on the relation between the spirits –among themselves –and among the human world. In Spirited Away, Chihiro’s parents’ transformation into pigs is the first symbol of gluttony in the film. It can also be interpreted as the first sign of capitalism. The motif continues to appear throughout the film with the business run in the Bath House. The workers and the owner, Yubaba, are concerned only with making money. This also can translate into an attack on a capitalist society (Yoshioka 258). Japan adopted capitalism after World War II, so Hayao Miyazaki grew up in a capitalist country. Not only that, but Japan, as a country is an extremely nationalistic. These factors, combined with his college expertise in both political science and economics, can be seen throughout the film. Miyazaki uses these undertones concerning his life experiences with society, as well as his education, within many his films. â€Å"Miyazaki’s belief that all Japanese share a certain sense of past is another important focal point. The subtle blending of personal experience into historical ‘fact’ formulates a sense of past that looks and feels familiar to the audience, even though they have never experienced it† (MacWilliams and Schodt 257). One of Miyazaki’s characteristic directing techniques is his apt combinatio n of his personal experience with elements  of Japanese culture. Driving much of his work is the influence of Shintoism. This â€Å"religious† understanding of the spirits and nature in relation to humans that is distinctly Japanese in practice. Spirited Away is the perfect example of a film that illustrates this spiritual practice, albeit in a somewhat stretched manner. There’s wide use of Japanese folklore within Spirited Away. The title itself says, â€Å"Kamikakushi† meaning â€Å"hidden by entities† which, in Japan, is used when women or children go missing (Reider 8). This itself is a very mature theme, and while the film is fun to watch, it takes a deeper understanding of the content to fully appreciate it. The importance of one’s name is also a key concept in the film, and within Japanese society. In the film, to forget your given name is to forget yourself, and if you forget yourself, you become stuck in Yubaba’s control for eternity. This is how Haku found himself a servant to Yubaba for so many years. It was not until Chihiro helped Haku remember that he is the River Spirit that Haku was free at last. The film reflects the importance of identity, which is not just a Japanese concept, but a universal one, as well. Another theme of the film is that of growing up and maturing. Because Chihiro is forced to be by herself in this unknown place, she’s made to adapt and mature without much thought. To bring her to this point, it took the traumatic experience of losing her parents, the fear of never seeing them again, and —her biggest fear—not surviving. Miyazaki was well-off when he was young, so this could be a reflection of seeing people forced into early independence during the War. Only through trusting in someone who claimed to be a friend was she able to get along as well as she did, and succeed in ultimately getting her life back. Many of the other characters were based loosely off of Shinto legends. The Shinto belief is that there’s a very thin line between the spirit world and the human world, which is reflected throughout the film in the bizarre interactions between the bathhouse world and outside reality. Through the use of Hayao Miyazaki’s extensive personal experience with Japanese culture, and his education in Political Science and economics, he has been able to showcase Japanese values and traditions through his film. He is a world-ren owned writer and director, and through his work in Anime film, he has opened the eyes of the western world to this Eastern culture. My understanding of Japaneseness is the nationalistic and traditional points of view showcased throughout  Spirited Away. The idea that spirits are all around you, and encompass nature. The importance of family above all else, the emphasis on self-responsibility, and so-on. Japaneseness is not one single thing, but a compilation of many things. It is to fully take in all aspects of being Japanese. Bibliography Baskan, Funda Basak. â€Å"Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea (Gake no Ue no Ponyo).† Marvels & Tales 24.2 (2010): 363,366,368. ProQuest. Web. 20 Nov. 2013. MacWilliams, Mark W., and Frederik L. Schodt. Japanese Visual Culture : Explorations in the World of Manga and Anime. M.E. Sharpe, Inc. : Armonk, NY, USA, 2008. Print. Napier, Susan J. â€Å"Matter Out Of Place: Carnival, Containment, And Cultural Recovery In Miyazaki’s Spirited Away.† Journal Of Japanese Studies 32.2 (2006): 287-310. Academic Search Elite. Web. 20 Nov. 2013. Reider, Noriko T. â€Å"Spirited Away: Film Of The Fantastic And Evolving Japanese Folk Symbols.† Film Criticism 29.3 (2005): 4-27. Academic Search Elite. Web. 20 Nov. 2013.

The Value and Nature of Music

In this essay I wish to portray the value of music firstly to me and then to people I have asked and also what different styles of music do for them and my self and I will also ask what is the nature of the music that they like and how it affects them on a day to day basis and the question I will ask them is what music means to them and what values does it hold. I will ask 10 people and use there answers to write this essay. I would like to start by saying that all people in this essay were asked prior to writing about them and that I am not using any of the people's real names for confidentiality. I value music very much as I have always played and listened to various styles of music. On my shelf at home I have different styles of music ranging from classical to R n B to rock. So I feel I have a wide taste in music. I have also played many different styles on my 3 main instruments as I play clarinet I have played classical and jazz on that. I also play bass guitar and I have played blues, rock n roll, heavy rock etc. on that and I am a drummer and I have played samba, rock, funk, jazz and many other styles of music. I enjoy playing all of these as I find it helps me to relax and control my emotions as I let my emotion out in the style of music I play, music is an age old way of expressing emotions through sound right back from the cave man days to the times of Jesus and the Tudors and Victorians right through to today's music. The most popular style changes from generation to generation but we would still call it â€Å"pop† music as that's what is popular at the time. Their for the nature of the music I choose to play is one of my emotions thus giving the listener (if any) the sense that I am happy or sad or excited for example, if I played some twelve bar blues on my bass it would probably remind you of sadness or the slave trade that would up set you but if I played some funk it would probably lift your emotions to make you happy like a major or minor chord has that effect different styles of music also have that effect. Other people I asked gave me different responses. One guy said that he only values his own style of music and that all other music has no value. This person is defiantly close minded about the type of music he likes and that all other music is I quote â€Å"crap† and that the nature of his music was the way of life. Looking at the way the guy was dressed I think he listened to hardcore rock music and that he was a bit gothic (I say a bit I actually mean a lot) I also got told by some people that they find the nature of some music unsuitable for children as x-rated lyrics stop younger children listening to it. I agree with this as music is for everyone not just the over 18's so music that includes x rated lyrics should not be aloud to be produced, and of the 10 people I have spoken two 8 agree with me. In the nature of music i would say that on a day to day basis I listen to approximately 4 – 5 hours of different styles of music. And with my choice of track my mood changes and so does the quality of the work I am doing at the time. For example I am currently listening to some drum and bass. So I am typing quite fast and my mood is bouncy, But if I was to listen to some more relaxing music such as some r n b or some blues music the speed I type would slow down and the mood I am in would drop from being quite happy to a bit down and lazy feeling so I would probably take a break from my work. I asked the same 10 people how they use music in the nature of their life. Below are some of the responses I received 1) I use music at work because it helps me through the day 2) I don't use music in my life (to which I replied not even in the shower when your humming or whistling a song the response I got is repeatable) 3) I study music as a degree so it is in my life â€Å"big time† 4) I listen to music in the morning in my car 5) Er,,,,,,, music you mean like heavy rock (this person was a bit dence) These responses were my favourite as it shows what different peoples views are on music. Overall I think that the value and nature of music affects everyone is completely different and the question I am asking is does different styles of music affect the way you behave in society?

Leadership 7 Habits of Highly Effective People by Stephen Covey Essay

Leadership 7 Habits of Highly Effective People by Stephen Covey - Essay Example Deposits into someone’s account increases their trust, fondness, and confidence of their depositors. The result of these deposits is an intense relationship that allows for the tolerance of mistakes. 4. Under the proactive habit, one looks at the appropriate areas in their lives that they can concentrate on. These aspects, such as family and health on which time and energy are focused, form the circles of concern. Some of the items within these circles are controllable while others are beyond real control. The problems that all people face can be solved through the proactive approach. 6. Achieving something such as an establishment requires physical and mental dedication. Building a physical location requires the mental conceptualization of the same. This mental picture is the basis of the plan through which the physical object or item is achieved. Conceiving an excellent mental picture results in outstanding physical creation. This form of achievement is common in proactive people. Reactive people unconsciously direct the mental creation. 7. Everyone should have a purpose in life. People express their values and missions on a daily basis, either knowingly or unknowingly. One should define their personal statement so as to realize their purpose in life. Without a personal mission statement, one risks losing focus on their life’s purpose. 8. It is important to identify tasks that need to be done. Assigning priorities to tasks is essential in knowing the things that are urgent and require immediate attention. It also helps one classify items according to their importance. The tasks under one’s responsibility can be grouped in a quadrant. This quadrant relates the importance of a task to its urgency. The quadrant help’s one arrange tasks according to priority and thus manage time well. 11. A highly productive person should carefully plan their week to ensure they utilize it efficiently.

Humn Resourse Mngement 'The World is Flt' Essay

Humn Resourse Mngement 'The World is Flt' - Essay Example Minford & Riley (2005) suggested that the supply side reforms of the 1990s and 2000s have transformed the way in which the UK labour market operates. The latest date retrieved from statistical analytical repot show that in the last year, the UK has experienced crashing share prices and other economic uncertainties brought on by the threat of war with Iraq. These economic adversities, however, have not been reflected in the overall performance of the UK labour market which shows that the employment rate has been rising and unemployment decreasing in the last year. In fact, for the three months ending in June 2005, the employment level was estimated to be 27.92 million, the highest level since records began in 1984 (Minford, Riley, 2005:12) . In view of above, extensive research is needed in the area of labour market in search for the ways of mazimizing its efficiency and productivity. One of the ways that has actually been least reviewed in the literature is outsourcing and its effects on the labour market. Three key questions re ddressed. First, wht is the extent of outsourcing nd re there differences between firms in the use of such prctices Second, why do firms outsource Finlly, wht is the impct of outsourcing mintennce work on firm performnce In mny cses the move to outsourcing is prt of wider drive for flexibility, so the rticle begins by reviewing the literture on lbour flexibility nd outsourcing. fter brief section deling with methodologicl issues, the rticle reports the extent nd rtionle for outsourcing mongst smple of ustrlin firms. These findings re then benchmrked ginst the prctices of Jpnese firms operting in ustrli. The pper concludes by ssessing the impct of outsourcing on enterprise performnce.I. Literture Review 2. Lbour flexibility nd outsourcing The theme running through mny of the new pproches to mngement is the development of more flexible workforce. The serch for improved flexibility hs becomes employers' new frontier in the mngement of lbour. Flexibility cn hve vriety of menings (Brunhes, 2000), but fundmentlly three forms of the concept cn be distinguished (Hrrison nd Kelley, 2004, pp. 213-214). Functionl flexibility is the bility of the enterprise to redeploy lbour to cover new work tsks or new production methods. The second form is wge flexibility, in which the enterprise ttempts to link wge pyments to productivity nd product demnd. Finlly, numericl flexibility is the bility to djust lbour inputs to product demnd. These forms of lbour flexibility hve been well documented in industrilized ntions (see Hrrison nd Kelley, 2004, p. 214). In UK, for exmple, the introduction of enterprise

Architecture in the Arab and Islamic world Article

Architecture in the Arab and Islamic world - Article Example This is evident in the current magnificent structures dotting Abu Dhabi in UAE that symbolize ultra-modern architectural design that blend Arab and Western culture. The assertion of the author on the historic attachment of Arab architecture on religion bears significant truth. A critical assessment of most of the ancient and some modern Middle East architecture shows indisputable homogeneity in terms of architectural design. In fact, western nations and ancient civilization discusses more architectural borrowing from the Muslims as evidenced in the widespread application of arcs and domes. However, despite geopolitical factors, the pressure of globalization has promoted a paradigm shift towards a culturally tolerant architectural design in Middle East. In this article, the observed architectural techniques that deviate from the traditional Arab style that is increasingly dominating the Middle East is a reality. In regard to the captivating architectural set pieces in Abu Dhabi like The Louvre Abu Dhabi Museum, obvious questions need to be answered in regard to the conservative Arab culture. This has been facilitated by increasing multicultural interaction in the wake of increased campaign for environmental care, space economy and technological explosion as noted by the

Writing and speaking for business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Writing and speaking for business - Essay Example Format/Outlook- imdb.com has a simple format that I appreciate. The background color and font are not attractive but that’s fine with me as the important thing is I can easily find what I am looking for. Movies.yahoo.com also follows a similar simplistic layout of a white background where most of the crucial information is. As for movies.com, it features a mix of at colors which make it eye-catchy. Content- On imdb.com, trailers of the most recent films are the first things that catch your eye; then to the right there’s a list of highest earning new releases. Therefore, you can easily get an idea of what’s coming out and the favorites. As for movies.yahoo.com, the homepage is slightly ‘populated’ as it features advertisements, a single trailer at the top and below that clips on interviews with movie directors and/or cast of upcoming movies. Then again below that is where the information crucial to me is i.e. movies that have recently come out and a top 10 list of box office movies. Movies.com is however, the most populated as it features many advertisements, news on released movies e.g. ratings from critics, films that are up for awards and the like. Feedback/Comments Section- Typically, all three websites have the icon for help/feedback/suggestions at the bottom of the home page and clicking on this directs you to another page. Overall, movies.com works best for me as it is simple, movies.yahoo.com is average while imdb.com is my least favorite when it comes to this. I hope that this breakdown provides a useful description of my analysis on all three of the websites. In case there is any further enquiry, feel free to contact me on (Insert telephone number) as I would not mind providing a broader description of any specific site, or movies

Strain Theory Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Strain Theory - Thesis Example It is therefore critical that criminology as a social issue is given multidimensional approach that will consider various observed behaviors. The social environment is significant in influencing the behavior and conduct of individuals and this explain crime rate differences across gender. While studying the crime theory, it would be important to highlight such social parameters that influence behavior outcomes in people. In this case strain theory would serve as an important theory to unveil the causes of crime in the society. In various disciplines there are theories that explain a given phenomenon and criminology is not exceptional. Many scholars and researchers have diverse definition of theory but the common denominator is the aggregate application in explain any observed phenomenon in the society. Theory is generally a set of principles that are devised to explain a group of facts. It emphasizes proof of ideas behind principles that have repeatedly been tested and widely accepted as responsible for a given phenomenon. In regard to strain theory, it explains the factors that push an individual to develop criminal behavior in the society (Agnew, 2006). Although each man is born free, the emerging character is shaped by many external environment factors and this serves even crime mind development. Criminological theory plays a central role as far as understanding of crime is concerned. Past research indicates that criminology theory explains the forces behind emotional and psychological transformation t hat shapes a criminal mind. There are incidences across the world where people commit outrageous crimes that one can never imagine of. The mitigation measures towards reoccurrence of such criminal acts require understanding of theory of criminology. Development of theory constitutes critical analysis of a given phenomenon by establishing the variables and their relationship. Such relationship among variables must be taken through a

Americanos Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Americanos - Essay Example The forces that inculcated a desire in the Americans to gain independence, the causes of conflicts among troops, and the consent of leaders have all been well captured in the book. â€Å"Chasteen's book joins a long list of highly regarded and influential English-language surveys of the independence period† (Blanchard). Summary: The book explains how the Portugese and Spanish colonies struggled to gain independence in America. In the start of 19th century, Napoleon conquered Portugal and Spain. This event in Europe brought about many consequences throughout the world. The event sparked a whole range of revolutions everywhere in the Portugese and Spanish empires in the New World. The world history underwent an altogether turn. The independence wars ultimately led to the development of 19 independent republics in America. Some of the most well known leaders of the times like Father Hidalgo, Father Morelos, and Bernardo O'Higgins have been identified along with some not so well k nown women like Manuela Saenz, Juana Azurduy, and Leona Vicario that had played important roles in the overall independence movement. It has been discussed in the book that by the time the wars neared end, the Latin American independence leaders acknowledged the classical liberal principles. In particular, the popular principles of self-determination and sovereignty were embraced. The global reach of values of the Western politics expanded permanently as a result of it. In the years that preceded the independence, the whole colonial society was categorized on the basis of caste. There were europeos, mestizos, americanos, pardos, Indians and blacks. Among them, the europeos were considered as the â€Å"most pure† group. The term, â€Å"Americano† got redefined after huge struggle so as to include non-europeo people. To define America's rainbow of castes as the Americano people recognized the truth on the ground, but it also created a new truth, an airy but potent abstra ction. That abstraction was the Sovereign People, who deserved nothing less than a government of, by, and for the people. (Chasteen 2). The redefinition of americanos went against Spansih colonialists. Many new nations also got influenced in Latin America because of that, and adopted a republican form that was equipped with all trappings of the liberal rule. That is why today, a vast majority of the oldest functioning republics of the world are from Latin America, and are still caught in disturbed political legacy since their birth. Critical analysis: Chasteen has adequately synthesized all major events and identified all key individuals that had played an important role in the wars of independence between 1805-1830. The chief battles and events have been described quite straightforwardly. Figures have been accompanied with biographical information that make it a colorful and balanced portrayal of history. Chasteen has fundamentally made use of secondary sources. Therefore, the book basically offers a makeup of existing scholarship and can not be regarded as an â€Å"addition† to the existing body of literature. However, Americanos is undoubtedly, a valuable addition to the existing scholarship of the history of Latin America. The book mostly presents the state of the art awareness in a clear manner. There are no groundbreaking advances or realization of

Money and Banking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Money and Banking - Essay Example One of the shortcomings of an economy with a fixed exchange rate is that monetary policy cannot be utilized to stimulate the economy, although an economy with a floating exchange rate like the U.S. can employ monetary policy to stimulate economic growth. The macroeconomic shock, interest rates in the domestic economy fluctuate with respect to foreign interest rates. For instance, when there is an expansionary monetary policy, it will cause interest rate to decline in the domestic economy, as a result, domestic investors will have an opportunity to invest in the foreign market that will cause a capital account deficit and cause the exchange rate to decrease. The monetary growth causes a raise in domestic income that in turn causes an increase in imports and a current account deficit. When the domestic money supply increases in the foreign market because of an increase in imports and net capital outflows, it leads to depreciation of the domestic currency due to the weak association between supply and demand. The decline in the exchange rate will cause domestic capital to be attractive for foreign investors and the domestic economy will start to draw foreign investment as the exchange rate declines until the BOP equals zero that lead t o interest rate parity . 1b The BOP factors that affect the supply for domestic currency in the foreign economies are a raise in imports and an increase in capital outflows in search of higher rates of return. These factors lead to a BOP deficit in the domestic economy and are frequently affected by expansionary monetary policy that causes a decrease in the domestic interest rate. 1C Increase in exports and an increase in capital inflows where foreign investors are in search of higher rates of return in the domestic economy are factors that affect the demand for domestic currency in the foreign economies. In addition, if the domestic economy cause an increase of exports, it indicate that domestic goods are relatively less expensive compared to foreign goods. Consequently, foreigners will demand more domestic currency as they import compared to domestic exports. When, the domestic rate of returns is more in respect to foreign economies, there will be a raise in demand for the domestic currency, as foreign i nvestors will require domestic currency to buy domestic capital. 2A Based on flexible exchange rates and relatively responsive capital flows, we can establish that any fluctuate in the capital financial account will be greater in magnitude than fluctuate in the capital account. Thus, the EE curve will be flat compared to the LM curve. A fiscal expansion causes IS curve to shifts up and to the right that lead to increase of interest rates and output (y) .The increase in interest rates lead to increase of inflow of KA and a demand for domestic currency in magnitude than the CA deficit affected by increase in revenues that in turn increases imports relative to exports. This causes a BOP surplus that causes the exchange rate to appreciate and lead to shift of the EE curve up and to the left. The exchange rate will appreciate to the point where the BOP comes back to equilibrium. When exchange rate appreciates, the rate of return on domestic capital gets smaller due to diminishing margina l returns, which will reduce the rate of capital inflows to the domestic econ

Stat big project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stat big project - Research Paper Example The relationship between having access to the human necessities, living longer, and money all coincide with each other, because without money you cannot afford to live a healthier lifestyle, or have access to health care. We are focusing on the life expectancy on the richer, developed countries and how the lifestyles of the citizens of these nations are contributing to their longer life spans. Many different factors such as income, access to healthcare, obesity, and Gross Domestic Profit (GDP). Life expectancy within the richer countries average at 78.7 at birth and seems to keep increasing as time goes on. From age 65 and up, the life expectancy increases to 84.1 in the United States and 84.5 in the United Kingdom, which is because the average person living in one of these countries can afford better health care that has more advanced technology and superior medicines to cure, or treat illnesses that will extend their lives. In the year 2012, the United States had spent $8,895 per capita on healthcare which is higher than every other country in the world. The United Kingdom spends $3,647 per capita on healthcare, but they have a much smaller population than the United States. There are 2.5 physician s per 1,000 people in the United States and 2.8 physicians per 1,000 people in the United Kingdom, according to the data from the World Bank. There are 33.9 CT units in the United States and 8.2 CT units in United Kingdom per million people. There are also 5.9 MRI units in the United Kingdom and 26.5 MRI units in the United States per million people. Obesity is another factor that shortens life expectancy, because the chances of contracting fatal diseases such as cancer, heart attacks, and stroke increase significantly. Obesity decreases life expectancy by about 3 years and severe obesity, although it is still rare, can lower your life by about 10 years which is about as much as lifelong tobacco smoking (Das &

Enter Thomas Hardy Essay Example for Free

Enter Thomas Hardy Essay Enter Thomas Hardy, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Robert Browning, Gerard Manley Hopkins and William Blake. The poets are seated around a small table in a crowded and agitated Chinese restaurant, at the heart of Texas. After the initial shock and excitement of their unwonted experience, they all meditate on the state of the world in which they have accidentally landed, poring over a newspaper cut that announces the death of a young girl as a result of heroin overdose. A heavy silence has set on the poets’ table, in strange contrast to the loud mirth of the small Chinese restaurant. Raising his brow, Hardy interrupts the silence. He speaks slowly, with a clear but tired voice: Hardy: Surely my beliefs are strengthened by this terrible mishap. If only there was a malevolent ruler of the universe to blame for the cruel death of this young girl. Then all our voices would roar against him, accusing him of injustice and absurdity. We would feel betrayed and angry that the supreme ruler of the world ill-uses his creatures so. But I see it clear now, as I have seen it and heard it so often in the mysterious and neutral voice of nature all around me: the universe is a hollow shell; there is no other voice in this world than that of nature and chance echoing through the ages and creating havoc in our poor, mortal existence. The death of this beautiful child is the answer of the impersonal and cruel force of chance to all our hopes and ideals. There are many of us who have fallen in love with the world and its wonders, as there are many of us who have always hated it. I have heard the world speak to me many times, warning me not to look for meanings where there are none. I have long heard it say to me not to look for promises in the web of uncertainties and in the play of chance. This is what the world has long said to me: `I do not promise overmuch, Child; overmuch; Just neutral-tinted haps and such. This fair warning still rings in my ears today. There is only chance in this world, that is all there is. Nothing lasts and no sense can be made of all we see around us. We look for meanings where there are only occurrences. One happening follows another and we are at the mercy of chance and time. Despite our passionate search for answers, the nature sends back only a dispassionate, neutral response, playing its games and rolling the dices. Casualty is the most powerful governing law we have and there is no hope for escape. It is this â€Å"crass Casualty† that â€Å"obstructs the sun and rain†, giving us the good moments and the bad moments by turns. Nature follows its own logic, not ours. And time plays dice with the world, casting its sums of moans and joy and making us obey its impersonal and mute force. I do not see any other meaning in the death of this young girl. She, like the rest of us, was in the hands of chance. Had her life been long and happy, she would have owed it all to chance still. There is too much arbitrariness in everything to believe we are ruled by a God who reasons and who loves. Nothing happens for a reason. Do not further look for meaning in this my friends, for there are none and never expect much, for there is nothing more†¦ The others have listened in silence to Hardy’s disconsolate speech. When he ceased however, Tennyson began in a tremulous, shaken voice: Tennyson: Oh, my friends, these would have been my own words once. Like you, I would have looked upon this young girl’s death as the substantiation of all my aching questions. I have often felt like an infant crying desperately for knowledge, for the light of meaning to suppress the darkness of the world! At times there seemed to be no answer anywhere. I wanted to see that â€Å"nothing walks with aimless feet†, that there is no destruction of life and that everything that happens has a purpose and a meaning in the larger, unseen order of things. I wanted to understand God as the careful designer of all, the divine force that gives meaning to everything there is and does not allow anything to perish. I painfully wavered between belief and disbelief†¦ At times, I could not endure the thought that anything in the world was useless or devoid of purpose. If God was here with us, a mere worm would have its significance in the world and its place in eternity along with the whole of the creation. But oftentimes my belief and my need for knowledge stumbled on the carelessness of nature. I wondered many times whether â€Å"God and Nature† were â€Å"at strife†, seeing â€Å"that Nature lends such evil dreams†. The hope in a divine order of things seemed to be shattered every time I beheld the evil workings of nature. Truly, nature seems not to care for the individual life. It crushes and destroys and casts life away â€Å"as rubbish to the void†. To me also then nature was a nightmare I could not make any sense of. A while ago, this innocent girl’s death would have seemed another evil deed of nature, an unjust robbery. Life and man’s entire existence seemed so futile at certain moments†¦A mere girl dying for no reason, a whole life cut short because of a misplaced step†¦Oh, how easy it is for reason to doubt everything and for faith to die in the soul of man! But since, I have been shown a different path and for me faith has been renewed. Even at times like these, I feel that we have God in our souls, even if it difficult to perceive him in nature. I now know that it was the voice in my heart that has kept me from disbelief. Each time the voice of ‘cold reason’ interfered and questioned the meaning of all, â€Å"my heart stood up and answered: ‘I have felt’! †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Reason made me blind at times, but my heart cried out and melted my anger with its passion. Our knowledge of God comes only in these moments when the heart answers eagerly and warmly to all our questions. The death of a child makes me sad beyond speech, but it does not harden me anymore. I now believe that death is just a brief moment that takes us from life’s shore to death’s domain and God’s infinite ocean. God awaits us on the infinite ocean and he will be our Pilot ever after, our guiding light in the infinite sea of time and matter. Once I cross over, â€Å"I hope to see my Pilot face to face†, and I hope that this young girl has already seen him†¦ Tennyson had spoken warmly and tremulously, his whole soul into the words that tumbled from him. From his shaded place at the table, Browning replied: Browning: Your soul is as pure as your faith, my dear Tennyson. We have reached this strange time and place in history to meet death itself and behold it through the eyes of a child. Mortals fear death, with its unknown grip that will surround each of us as a mist and transport us to some mysterious realm. Life is strange and death seems even stranger. Any mortal would feel shaken in front of this last and final struggle. But what could it be in the end, but one more experience and the last in this life? â€Å"I would hate that Death bandaged my eyes, and forbore and made me creep past. † I want to taste death to the full as I have tasted this life and feel the moment in its fullness. The girl has left this world but someone will be waiting for her on the other side and her soul will be filled again. Once I am gone from this world, I know that I will regain my lost love and clasp her in my hands once more. Death is but a brief moment, a struggle that will takes us to a place of eternal peace, where we will rest with God. This world is indeed full of chances and mishaps, but all these will be resolved once we are on the other side†¦If love has remained unfulfilled in this life, it will be rekindled in eternity. I do believe that we lose nothing by death and that the other life is as rewarding as this one. I do not fear death and only expect it to carry me back to my lover†¦This girl must have led a tormented life, the prey of her own restless desires and questions, like all of us. She will find her peace in the eternal life and she will find her place there. There is nothing to fear, not even death†¦I will wait for it but not as an end, only as a new and fresh beginning. Browning had but uttered these words that Hopkins began: Hopkins: Shake off the discontent that has intruded upon your hearts, my friends! You see the death of a child as a black and tragic event, and it certainly seems so when our mortal and untrained eyes behold it. Man is frail in the hands of the divine will, his powers are limited†¦. But the more mighty seems the everlasting ruler of the world! The drudgery of our existence seems to hide God’s glory from our eyes. â€Å"Generations have trod, have trod, have trod; and all is seared with trade; bleared, smeared with toil†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The earth itself smells of man and his works. Yet, in the midst of all this trade and toil we the world appears â€Å"charged with the grandeur of God. † His creation and power and infinite and so are the possibilities of the world. It is through God’s almighty design that we see light disappear in one part of the world, knowing that it suddenly begins to shine in another. Just like light and darkness always coexist, nothing reigns in nature for an unlimited period of time. Through the power of God, the good and the bad coexist in the world at all times. This girl’s death is compensated by another design of God, perhaps unknown to us at present. Only God could make all these different things come into existence at the same time. â€Å"Nature is never spent, there lives the dearest freshness deep down things. † Tasting life, with its good and bad moments, we taste of the very glory of God, who is careful to pour his infinite essence into everything there is. Death is not an end as long as God lives in everything, as long as joy springs up from each fresh beginning. Each day begins with a morning and ends with a night, and yet nothing is ever the same. God’s glory shines through all things, like a foil that you shake in the light. There are no dead things in this world; all matter becomes translucent and fiery with God’s light. With a death, the world may seem bent like a hunchback, crushed underneath the weight of loss, but overall I see the shining spirit of the Holy Ghost shaking its bright wings! The body of the world will ever be lifted by the wings of the almighty spirit! There is no permanent death and no reason for sorrow in a world in which we see the proof of God’s greatness in everything. Learn how to see the world anew, rejoicing in the immense power of the Lord, that is without beginning and without end†¦

Emotional Labour and Employees in a Face-to-Face Service Environment

Emotional Labour and Employees in a Face-to-Face Service Environment ABSTRACT In many organizations there is an increase in the requirement to carry on emotional labour. Hochschild (1983) argues that these emotional demands have negative effects physically and psychologically. Management evaluations in the Bahamas focus on job satisfaction and not encompassing the employees psychological well being. This study measured emotional labour under the parameters of surface acting, deep acting and burnout via socio-demographics with the method of questionnaire survey. The results showed 1) significance in one of the social demographics for surface acting, 2) no significance for deep acting, and 3) all social demographics showed significance towards burnout. Key words: Surface Acting, Deep Acting, Burnout Emotional Labour and Employees in a Face-to-Face Service Environment Introduction The strength of the hospitality industry is not only getting a job done, but also involves getting the work done with the correct attitude, with the correct degree of authenticity, and with the correct amount of concern for guests. Every organization in the hospitality industry expects that their employees, while interacting with customers, to exhibit certain types of emotions such as friendliness, cheerfulness, warmth, enthusiasm, or confidence. Tourism together with tourism-driven construction and manufacturing accounts for approximately 60% of The Bahamas Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and directly or indirectly employs half of the archipelagos labour force. Prior to 2006, a steady growth in tourism receipts and a boom in construction of new hotels, resorts, and residences led to solid GDP growth but since the tourism receipts have begun to drop off. The global recession in 2009 took a sizeable toll on The Bahamas, resulting in a contraction in GP and a widening budget deficit. Overall growth prospects in the short run rest heavily on the fortunes of the tourism sector (CIA-The World Factbook, 2011, para. 5). In light of this, it is essential that the service rendered by the Bahamian people continues and remains exceptional. Because the interaction between the service provider and customer is the central part of a service experience that affects a customers perception of service quality, it is essential for managers or employers to control or manage employees behavior or emotional expressions to guarantee service quality. Being able to exercise self-control is a key component. However, it cannot be assumed that the employee is always going to be in a good mood. Situations will arise that will bring about negative emotions such as annoyance, anger etc. Imagine being told that one of your colleagues has just passed away. Immediately after learning this information, a guest needs some assistance specifically from you. Or even more so a guest has a bad attitude for whatever reason and decides to spit on you. What should you do? What reaction should you have? An employees emotional reaction is no longer a private experience, but a public act that is controlled by his or her employer. Rules for emotional display are developed, and training programs are mandatory. Hochschild (1983), who was the first to hone in on the effects of emotional work on flight attendants, describes this type of conflict to be emotional labour emotional job demands and emotional strategies necessary to control these demands. It was discovered that emotional labour weight could be classified into five requirements and one stressor. These would be the display of positive emotions, negative emotions, neutrality, sensitivity, and sympathy. The stressor, emotional dissonance, is then what is demanded when these particular emotional requirements are not met. Hochschild (1983) used the description of a drama-where work setting is an act from a movie or play, the customers/guests are the audience, and the individual employees are actors with rules governing how to interact with the customers/guests. At first glance, it may seem that this task should not be a difficult one to perform. It has been argued that displaying positive emotions have a positive effect on the individual. There are three acting techniques researchers have recommended that service employees carry out emotional labor using (Hochschild, 1983; Ashforth Humphrey, 1993). The first is -surface acting- described as the altering of ones external facade to suggest the appropriate or desired emotion-not necessarily personally felt. The second technique is -deep acting- described as a change of not only the external persona, but also the inner mind-set; done through utilizing empathy or sympathy. The final acting technique is -genuine acting- that happens when the employees felt emotions are harmonious with spoken emotions. In many organizations there is an increase in the requirement to carry on emotional labour. The service industry is one where participants are expected to provide exceptional and flawless behaviour. The expectancy to compartmentalize ones personal feelings and serve seems easy enough. Management expects that a service employees first and upmost responsibility is to the client and anything that comes in-between is secondary. Hochschild (1983) argues that these emotional demands have negative effects physically and psychologically. Management evaluations in the Bahamas focus on job satisfaction and not encompassing the employees psychological well being. The existing research conducted on emotional conflict and dissonance; adds vital information to the general body of knowledge. Notably, as the Bahamas number one industry is tourism, indicating a large portion of the population engages in the provision of service. There has been no study has been conducted in the Bahamas in this area. The purpose of this study is to measure employees attitudes towards emotional labour. The essential assumption is that employees attitudes are critical factors in the formation of the professed positive or negative consequence of performing emotional labor. Particularly, at what levels are emotional labour conducted via surface acting, deep acting, and the effect that it has on service workers, and its associated burnout consequence? The hypothesis is that employees attitudes are vital factors in determining the apparent positive or negative outcome of performing emotional labor. It is expected that the findings of this study can contribute not only to the existing body of literature on emotional labor, but also assist managers and others in the service industry to better understand the impact of job demands on employees. It could also assist them with employing ways to assist their employees when coping with certain conflicting situations. The research objective will be addressed by the following hypotheses: H1a: There is no relationship between gender and surface acting. H1b: There is no relationship between gender and deep acting. H1c: There is a relationship between gender and burnout. H2a: There is a relationship between age and surface acting. H2b: There is a relationship between age and deep acting. H2c: There is a relationship between age and burnout. H3a: There is a relationship between industry experience and surface acting. H3b: There is no relationship between industry experience and deep acting. H3c: There is a relationship between industry experience and burnout. H4a: There is a relationship between department and surface acting. H4b: There is no relationship between department and deep acting. H4c: There is a relationship between department and burnout. Previous studies on emotional labour placed emphasis on the service industry employees attitudes towards emotional labour as a collective, not specifically by this demographical assessment. The return rate on the surveys was lower than would have been preferred; however, the assessment was conducive for this study. Review of Literature Todays business environment can be described as turbulent; one that has scarce resources where you are expected to do more with less (Karatepe and Aleshinoye (2008). There is intense competitive pressure and rapid rates of technological changes. One central part of the service industry is the social interaction with customers or guests. Due to the enlargement of the service industry and growing competition, the demand on emotional labour and self control is high. As with any social contact, the obligation to control ones emotions plays a vital role (Zapf and Holz, 2006). In times past the behaviour of employees, the way they responded to employers, fellow employees and customers was not taken into account in a serious way as the work environment was a place where their personal feelings were to be left outside the workplace (Grandey, 2000). Many researchers have praised Hochschilds 1983 study investigating the work of flight attendants, showing that a substantial part of the job was dealing with the passengers and their emotions, to which the term emotional labor is attributed to (Aleshinoye and Karatepe, 2008; Diestel and Schmidt, 2006; Lewig and Dollard, 2003; Tracy, 2005; Zapf and Holz, 2006). Emotional labour involves diverse emotions; whether it is enhancing, faking or suppressing emotions to modify the emotional expression. Conjointly, emotions are governed in response to the display rules for the organization. The notion of emotional labour which is considered a prospective force of customers emotional position and subsequent valuation of service interactions, refers to the effort, planning, and control needed to express organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions (Morris Fieldman, 1996; Karatepe and Aleshinoye, 2008; Brotheridge (2002)). The differentiating requirements of emotional labour are (Zapf, Vogt, Seifert, Mertini, and Isic, 1999): (1) the necessity to exude positive emotions (PE), (2) the necessity to exude and handle negative emotions (NE), (3) the necessity to exude sensitivity emotions (SE), and (4) the emotional dissonance felt (ED). The literature on service work highlights the increasing importance of image so that service work ers must be in-perceptively conceptualized as cultural sign vehicles. In recent years, there has been enlarged dialogue of emotions in an organizational context (Sturdy, 2003), enabled by a rising view of emotions as evaluative judgments. An example of this can be seen in the tourism industry of the Bahamas. In the tourism industry, the hospitality product is one of service. One must be friendly, courteous and helpful. The success of this industry depends on customer satisfaction. It is unlike other industries as it is unpredictable (Kusluvan, 2003). The creation of a successful tourism product is based on a duel partnership between the country catering to the tourism and the tourist who visits that country (Dijk and Kirk, 2007). To achieve this unblemished service, employees who are in everyday face-to-face interactions with clients are required to do emotional labour. Schneider (2010) describes it to be ones ability to adapt to change in ones demeanor in order to achieve the best results whether success is achieved or not. It was felt that depending on the cliental, those who work in customer service should be able to adapt to the emotion that would be most effective to meet the needs of the organization (Grandey, 2 000). The emotional labour offered by employees is of vital importance when the aim and goal of the employer is to provide such an experience where both the visitor and the customer would develop an appreciation not only to share with others but would have them returning again and again (Dijk and Kirk, 2007). The appearance of the suitable emotion during face-to-face exchanges is a job requirement for many employees in the service industry. Ruz and Tudela (2010) states that ones state of mind is an essential component in how we relate to each other. We know that if we present ourselves in a positive way we will experience positive results. However, we should be careful as there are persons who can pretend to be positive at times but in truth can display negative actions from time to time causing conflict. It is a strange phenomenon but it has been observed that the behaviour of some persons differ in the job environment as oppose to their private lives (Kusluvan, 2003). At the interaction level, the emotional labour can be seen as a gauge of either positive or negative social relations with customers, while the conceptual level relates to the mechanisms that process the emotional work notion. The latter is more controllable and in some cases becomes an amusing experience for employees who structure emotional labour as a strategic exchange. Dis-identification can seemingly aid emotional labour. This usually occurs in conjunction with accomplishment of ones work when it is ambiguous (Tracy, 2005). According to Karatepe and Aleshinoye (2008) there are three modes of acting, surface acting, active deep acting and passive deep acting. Surface acting occurs when employees falsify their emotions by altering their outer conduct/performance to match the organizational display rules while private feelings continue to be unchanged. Active deep acting occurs when employees have to put forth effort to control emotions by regulating their expressive behaviors and inner feelings. Passive deep acting occurs when employees may involuntarily feel emotions needed for a particular situation. The processes of surface acting (managed observed expressions) and deep acting (managing feelings) coincides with the working definitions of emotional labor as a process of emotional regulation, and they provide a useful way of engaging emotional labor. Ideally, employers would prefer that employees leave their problems outside the workplace. However, as human beings this is not always achieved. If there are differences in how these two processes of emotion management relate to the outcomes, suggestions can be made for organizational training and stress management programs. For the most part, employers, have in place various programs, counseling, fund raising for example, to assist employees to cope with stress. In doing so, it is hoped that employees are more likely to be efficient. Showing compassion in the workplace can be a win-win situation (Frost, Dutton, Worline and Wilson, 2000). In spite of the fact that some customers may be insolent, employers expectation of their employee s is that they display professionalism by displaying tolerance and offering help under all circumstances (Schneider, 2010). Grandey (2000) supports this, stating that when organizational desired results are not achieved, various training programs are conducted by employers in order to destabilize those negative behavioral responses associated with various negative emotions. However, training is only one aspect to enhance behaviour in the workplace. It is important that employees respond to customers in a courteous and pleasant way no matter what the employee may be experiencing on a given day. Again, this response is not always suitable as there are some jobs where employees are expected to demonstrate a more aggressive type of response in order to achieve the desired effect (Nunan and Knox, (2005). Yang and Chang (2008) found that emotional labour should be measured using five dimensions emotional display rule (EDR), surface acting (SA), deep acting (DA), variety of emotions required (VER), frequency and duration of interactions (FDI). Emotional labour was measured with a slightly modified scale utilizing a 7-point Likert Scale. Particularly, the EDR was the level at which employees reported that their emotional displays were restricted by their jobs. The study also took under consideration the socio-demographic variables examined, including age, gender, employment and marital status. Grandey (2003) states that when considering ratings it is felt that the higher ratings should be accredited to the deep acting which is the display of genuine emotions as oppose to surface acting. Dijk and Kirk (2007) describe emotional display rules as rules that require employees to manipulate their emotions in order to achieve goal for a promised award such as an increment. On the other hand w hen they fail to meet the required goal of the organization they can very well encounter disciplinary action. Hochschild (1983) claimed that the way persons conduct emotional labor is predisposed by an assortment of individual and situational characteristics. Seldom is emotional labor formulated as having an interior source of inconsistency, one that is thoughtful of the continuing condition of the person as opposed to being a creation of the circumstances. The individual difference approach to emotional labor involves the measurement of individual dispositions and the supposition that these measures can assist in explaining individual attitudes and performance (Staw Ross, 1985). It can then be understood that persons can be characterized into certain proportions, that these proportions have some constancy over time, and that these dimensions are useful in predicting individual behavior across situations (Staw Ross, 1985). It is proposed that individual characteristics influence the individuals performance of emotional labor through different acting mechanisms, and result in different outc omes. The basic assumption is that, persons with different dispositions evaluate the same emotional display rules differently. A complication in providing emotional labour is increased in employees with restricted backing for power (Tracy, 2005). Zapf and Holz (2006) make reference to Hochschilds argument that conducting emotional labour for long periods of time would overburden the service providers capability to show the preferred emotions. The employee would continue to smile, but the feeling would not be in it. This inconsistency is what is labeled as emotional dissonance. The kind of circumstances that end up in emotional dissonance can easily occur in service interactions. This is because the inconsistent temperament of service delivery as much depends on the situational factors involved such as the employees feelings on that particular day or stressful interactions with demanding or difficult customers. It is difficult, in many instances, to determine that the behaviour of individuals in terms of whether their actions are natural or programmed (Kusluvan, 2003). Lewig and Dollard (2003), states that emotional dissonance subsequently results in depression, low self-worth, despondency and withdrawal from the job. There are times when employees are placed in situations where their emotions are tested and tried by those in administration. These experiences can be taxing on ones health and as a result, leave them drained. In addition, employees become demoralized to the point where those they are expected to service suffer as they are unable to perform their duties in a satisfactory manner (Grandey, 2000). Karatepe and Aleshinoye (2008) noted that employees who are in frontline service jobs are vulnerable to emotional dissonance. They noted that the incongruence between felt and displayed emotions captures two modes of surface acting and passive deep acting which are at the opposite ends of a scale. It also pointed out that emotional dissonance and/or emotional exhaustion may give increase to negative job outcomes such as job performance or job d issatisfaction. Zapf and Holz (2006) further state that the reaction to emotional demands in service work is described as burnout: a syndrome that consists of depersonalization, exhaustion and reduced personal accomplishment. Because surface acting consists of faking ones expressions; pretending to have certain feelings that do not exist. This alone is stressful and can prove to cause one to become detached from ones true feelings and those of others. In addition it can also bring about lack of ones personal achievement especially if the customers were not impressed (Brotheridge, 2002). The long-run effect would lead to psychological ill heath brought about by alienating personal feelings. Lewig and Dollard (2003) further express that the felt emotions and displayed emotions experienced within dissonance can lead to dysfunctional emotional labour for a worker. Tracy (2005) describes the declaration of an elected identity elucidated emotional labour. This identity is constantly reconditioning but it is not real. Kusluvan (2003) expresses that one has to have a keen insight into the behaviour of persons as they are not always authentic. Grandey (2003) discovered that there are ways in which one can determine whether ones emotional display is genuine or not. For example, a smile also known as a Duchenne smile by looking at which muscle around the eye is being used. However it is not clear whether this is so with a faked smile and whether they influence observers in a negative way. Depersonalization is said to be the tendency to treat clients like objects and too change into an unsympathetic behaviour with regard to clients. Because deep acting is closer to actual genuine feelings the chances are that the expectation is that there would be a lower level of depersonalization and that one would experience more personal achievement (Brotheridge, 2002). Exhaustion measures the feeling of the burnout. While personal accomplishment includes the position of having the capability to carry out functions and skills to meet personal goals on the job. Emotional exhaustion is preempted by emotional dissonance. It has been debated that the role conflict is identical with emotional dissonance and proceeds emotional exhaustion. Emotional dissonance as a result leading to unhappiness with a job is foreseen through individuals (Ludwig and Dollard, 2003). Zapf and Holz (2006) make it clear that the need to display negative emotions should not be misconstrued as letting out ones personal negative emotions. Instead, the restrained expression of anger may be used to make plain that one is critically affected by something or one is taking something seriously. Lewig and Dollard (2003) found that while the display of positive or negative emotions as well as sensitivity requirements, are not necessarily stressful. However, they may become so, through emotional dissonance. Zapf and Holz (2006) state, that the explanation for the positive and negative effects of emotional labour on burnout can be divided into two levels: interaction and conceptual. Karatepe and Aleshinoye (2008) found that negative affectivity is positively related to emotional dissonance and exhaustion and that these were consistent with the perception mechanism. They concluded that the face-to-face service providers emotional exhaustion, as they hypothesized, was positively related to emotional dissonance. Yang and Chang (2008) found that EDR was significantly correlated with all job satisfactions subscales as well as the organizational commitments subscale; and interestingly they found no significant relationship between VER and job satisfaction. Lewig and Dollard (2003) discovered that when service workers are given the means by which he or she can manage effective and developing interaction, thereby providing them with a greater sense of self worth, emotional labour becomes functional. Interactions with customers are favorable due to optimism and emotional stability by introducing a barrier between them and the associated emotion. In contrast, it was pointed out that employees experiencing emotional dissonance on a continuous basis lose their scanty resource reservoir and are faced with emotional exhaustion, which gives rise to substantial costs for organizations. This was in spite of the fact that service with a smile was seen as an established job requirement during the selection of new employees in service (Karatepe and Aleshinoye, 2008). Their results also confirmed that emotional dissonance partially mediates the effect of built-in motivation on emotional exhaustion. But consistent with the COR (Conservation of Resourc es) theory where persons seek to acquire, maintain and preserve certain resources, employees with built-in motivation may cope with emotional dissonance, and, as a result protect themselves from emotional exhaustion. Ruz and Tudela (2010) found that persons made more errors and took a longer time completing tasks when the emotions displayed by a customer did not agree with their natural feelings. Karatepe and Aleshinoye (2008) also found in their study that there are employees who are vulnerable to high emotional dissonance. These employees try to concentrate more on their job-related duties and responsibilities in order to protect themselves from experiencing further emotional dissonance to ensure that they perform effectively in the organization. The school of thought here is that emotional dissonance does not have any bearing on job performance. In order to maximize the skills and abilities of employees, it is imperative that employers evaluate those skills and abilities with the view of assigning employees appropriately (Bailey and McClough, 2000). Pugh (2001) emphasizes that organizations would do well to recognize and appreciate the importance of the emotions of their employees because their emotions can make or break their business. Dijk and Kirk (2007), further states that employees must be mindful of the type of environment they provide not only for the tourist that visit their establishment, but also for the persons they employ to perform as there are times when stress can get out of hand. Methodology This study is quantitative in nature, seeking to measure service employees attitudes towards emotional labour, specifically, surface acting, deep acting and the consequence of burnout. The parameter of this study is limited to the hospitality industry; this section describes the sample and sample selection, instrument, procedure and analysis. Sample Sample Selection A sample size calculator publically serviced by Creative Research Systems online was used to produce the sample size. The population: one hundred and sixty-five (165) employees who work at a timeshare resort, using a confidence level of 95% generated the sample size of one hundred and sixteen (116). The sampling parameters focus only on those guest-contact (face-to-face or voice-to-voice) employees who perform emotional labor on a daily basis. The guest-contact employees included in this purposed study are those who work in the Front Office, Concierge, Housekeeping, Engineering and Sales departments. Entry-level employees and middle managers were included in the sample, senior management was not. Criteria for being a participant: Participants must be full-time employees Participants have to be guest-contact employees (face-to-face or voice-to-voice) Procedure A meeting was held with the General Manager (GM) of the timeshare resort to initially introduce and seek permission to conduct this study. After which, the GM was formally presented with a copy of the research proposal and a formal letter requesting permission for the administration of the survey. Permission was granted and the managers of the various departments were notified and advised to inform their respective departments about the administration of the surveys. The surveys were personally distributed and monitored over a three (3) day period. Potential participants were approached and asked to partake in the study; consent was gained from each participant. Each employee was briefed that they could withdraw from the survey at any time. The participants details were anonymous and were only identifiable by gender, age, industry experience and departments. Employees attitudes are critical factors in the formation of the professed positive or negative consequence of performing emotional labor. Particularly, at what levels are emotional labour conducted via surface acting, deep acting, and the effect that it has on service workers, and its associated burnout consequence? This question was addressed by the following hypotheses: H1a: There is no relationship between gender and surface acting. H1b: There is no relationship between gender and deep acting. H1c: There is a relationship between gender and burnout. H2a: There is a relationship between age and surface acting. H2b: There is a relationship between age and deep acting. H2c: There is a relationship between age and burnout. H3a: There is a relationship between industry experience and surface acting. H3b: There is no relationship between industry experience and deep acting. H3c: There is a relationship between industry experience and burnout. H4a: There is a relationship between department and surface acting. H4b: There is no relationship between department and deep acting. H4c: There is a relationship between department and burnout Instrument. A self administered survey was used to collect the data. The overall design was a survey constructed with the influence of the extensive literature review. A five point Likert scale was used with the options of Always (5) to Never (1) accompanied each question. There were no verbal labels for scale points 2 through 4; this indicated the equal interval of one between them within the range 5 and 1. Emotional labour was measured by Q6, Q7, and Q11; surface acting was measured by Q8, Q9, Q11 and Q12. Deep acting was measured by Q13, Q14 and Q15, and burnout was measured by Q16, Q17 and Q18.  [1]   With the use of a convenient employee sample approach to collect data, there were some constraints in terms of this studys sample requirements as 116 surveys were attempted, only 64 surveys were adequately completed and admissible for analysis. The data was then analyzed was carried out in each socio demographic (gender, age, industry experience and department) using the t-test and single factor ANOVA analysis. The t-test was carried out to compare the means of each participant for either questionnaire to check the questionnaire was reliable over time. When multiple t-tests are conducted a significance problem develops and reduces validity. The ANOVA analysis overcomes this problem by detecting the differences as a whole. Findings and Analysis The demographics of the study sample indicated that 45.31% of the respondents were female and 54.69% were male. All of the respondents had industry experience of at least 1 year, and most of them had more than ten years experience (39.06%). Table 1 shows the descriptive analysis means, standard deviations, variances and skewedness of variables used in this study. Table 1 Means, Standard Deviations, Variances, Skewedness M SD V Emotional Labor 3.99 1.35 1.84 Surface Acting 3.61 1.55 2.40 Deep Acting 3.50 1.40 1.97 Burnout 2.90 1.53 2.34 The total sample (n=64) averaged the experienced of emotional labour at 3.99 (SD=1.35), surface acting at 3.61 (SD=1.55), deep acting at 3.50 (SD=1.40) and burnout at 2.90 (SD=1.53); each mean out of a possible 5. This shows that the majority of the responses were close to the respective means. Individual T tests were used to analyze the differences of surface acting, deep acting and burnout amongst the demographics. The means from the total sample for SA=3.17, DA=3.3

Tax Reform In The United States Economics Essay

Tax Reform In The United States Economics Essay This research paper discusses the theme of tax reform in the United states. Nowadays this issue is an actual one. Many Americans are interested greatly in this issue and even express their personal opinions on this topic. The research paper discusses different problems with the current tax system and represents some ideas concerning some changes in the US tax reform. Key words: tax, tax system, tax reform. 1. Introduction It is impossible to carry out new transformations for the purpose of steady development of the economy without formation an effective tax system. Tax reform is a process which changes tax policies of the government. It is known that there are different goals of this process such as reduction of the tax level of all the people, changing tax system for more progressive effect, simplification of tax system. A good tax reform can improve the life of many people. 1.1. Significance of the study This research paper discusses one of the most important issues in the development of the economical system tax reform. This issue is an actual one not only for the United States but for any country of the world because financial sector plays a key role in the present day development of the economy. Tax reform is a main tool of the governmental control. In the context of tightening business competition there is a necessity to take appropriate measures in getting over the consequences of the financial and economic crises 2008-2009. So, tax reforms have such functions which will help to stimulate economical growth and innovative activity, and to increase social protection. 1.2. Definition of terms In order to conduct a good research on tax reforms it is necessary to represent some economical terms which will be used in the process of research. They are the following ones: Taxes are payments which are made by the natural and legal persons (enterprises, organizations and citizens) for the government revenues in mandatory manner. It is a duty of everybody to pay taxes. Taxes are necessary because by means of taxes the government has an opportunity to control some economical processes in the country. They help to develop and reduce some kinds of business, to guide the development of these or those brunches of industry, to influence the economic activity of some enterprises and organizations, to balance consumers supply and demand, to regulate the amount of money in circulation. Tax system is the total of taxes, fees and other obligatory payments which are taken according to the legislative acts. The main characteristic features of any tax system include the following ones: the total of taxes fixed by the government; the complex of principles, forms and methods of their putting into operation; the system of tax authorities, forms and methods of tax control; rights and duties of the participants of tax relations; order and conditions of the tax process. (Roach, 2006) 2. Discussion themes This research paper touches upon the themes which are closely connected with the topic of the paper. It discusses issues and problems with current system in the United States. Moreover it gives some new ideas for tax reform. 2.1.Some Facts from the history of Tax Reforms in the USA According to the historical data, there were a lot of various movements in the USA which had the main goal to reform the collection and the management of taxes in the country. Thus, the Whiskey Rebellion which took place in 1799, is considered to be the first effort to carry out tax reform in the USA. From the historical sources we learn that George Washington who was the US President at that time sent about 13000 troops to the western part of the state Pennsylvania in order to put down the rebellions. Another significant movement against tax reforms took place at the end of the 19th century. Henry George, who was an outstanding American economist of that time, was at the head of that movement. The main goal of that movement was to abolish all forms of taxation other than the Single tax on land values. He offered this single tax in his book Progress and Poverty in 1879. This plan was not put into practice although it got support. This movement on tax policy was spread not only in the United States but also on Australia and New Zealand. However, the organization which is called The Henry George Foundation of America continue to promote this form of taxation reform. (Barker, 1985) It is known that several organizations in the United states are engaged in tax reform in the country among which are Americans for Tax Reform, Americans for Fair Taxation, Americans for Responsible Taxes. These and other organizations have already promoted some ideas concerning tax simplification in the United States which include Flat tax plans, Fair tax and bipartisan tax reform proposals. (Tuerck et al., 2007) 2.2 The Structure of Taxation in the United States and its meaning It is known that the system of taxation in the United states is a progressive one. It means that the percentage of income which is paid by the household will increase with the increasing income. In other words those people who earn more will pay a higher rate of taxes. Here is an example: A person earns $100,000 a year, he will pay 25% of it $25,000. A person earns $30,000 a year, he will pay only 10%tax rate $3,000. However, there may be also regressive and proportional tax systems. Some Reasons for using the Progressive tax system in the USA: Progressive tax system stands for the concept that those people who earn more should pay more tax rate because they have more opportunities to pay and they will not forego the most necessary things such as health care or education. Reduction of inequalities in the society. (Roach, 2006) 2.3. Different types of taxes in the USA There are several different types of taxes in the United States. All these taxes are collected by the Internal Revenue services. They are the following ones: Income taxes; Corporate taxes. These taxes are based on the companys income per a financial year. Investment taxes. These taxes are usually paid when a person receives some dividends and capital gains. (Smith, 2010) There are also some other types of taxes which are paid by the individuals: income tax, sales tax, property tax, social security tax, medicare tax and others. (McIntosh 2010) Taxes on business include federal which include four groups: income, self employment, payroll and excise, state which include common state business taxes (sales tax, employment tax and business income tax) and local which are collected by cities and counties in order to supplement services for this or that area. (La Rose, 2010) 2.4. Problems with the Current Tax System in the United States The US Tax System is considered to be a complex one. It has its peculiarities which differ it from the tax systems of other countries of the world. However, the US Tax system has both advantages and disadvantages. The last ones require certain changes. Here is the list of problems with the current Tax System in the United States: A fabulously complex tax system with numerous layers of taxation on the same money: taxes on income and salaries, ans savings. According to the statistical data, four of five middle-class Americans pay more in payroll taxes than in income taxes. (Walby, 2008) High rate of unemployment (about 10,3 million persons). Little of the mortgage interest deduction refer to those people who are at low and middle level of income.(Walby, 2008) About 18% of taxpayers have got out of the system. The income taxes fail to take the cash payments and other unjustified transactions concerning illegal immigrants. The income taxes assist imports over the US production by excluding imports from Us tax and it penalizes the US exports giving an opportunity to some foreign countries to impose taxes when our goods are delivered to their shops. This fact damages the US exports and even costs the Americans their jobs. (17% price advantage over the US goods.)(Tuerck et al., 2007) The income tax system puts the highest corporate tax rate enforcing companies to be located in other countries. Great problems with education, many students do not know about the financial aid which can be given to them. College education became too expensive. College graduates have debts of more than $19.000 when they leave college. A great deal of manufacturing jobs were lost due to breaking out the US manufacturing trade deficit. (Arduin, LafferMoore Econometrics, 2006) 2.5. Interview Interviewer: Hello! What is your attitude to the present day tax system? Are you satisfied with it? Mr. Brown, an engineer/49 years old: Good day! I think I pay too much in taxes. Mr. Wilson, a doctor/29: The Tax Code is too confusing! Ms. Whinthrop, a manager/41: I pay through the nose on income and payroll taxes and they say we still dont have balanced budgets! Ms. Hartcoph, a student/20: I think rich people do not pay their fair share. Mr. Carack, a worker/27: Oh, little guys like me cannot take advantage of the tax code like those people who earn much and corporations do. Ms. Curts, a pensioner/71: You know, fifteen percent of Americans do not pay any income tax any more! Mr. Bronks, a builder/38: Our current tax system taxes the poor but not the rich. The programs are all for the benefit of the rich and on the backs of the poor. Analyzing the above mentioned interview, we can say that many people are not satisfied with the current tax system. They consider it should be changed. Most Americans choose fair Tax plan. (Kotlikoff, et al., 2006) Some words about the main idea of this plan. The Fair Tax is a proposal to replace the following taxes as the federal corporate income tax, the federal payroll tax, the federal estate tax, the federal gift tax, the federal generation-skipping tax with a federal retail sales tax, assessed at a single rate. The Fair Tax guarantees a rebate to each household which will be based on its demographic composition. The main idea is that the rebate ensures that households who live at or below the poverty line in the United States will pay no taxes on net income. (Kotlikoff et al., 2006) 2.6. Some New Ideas for Tax Reform in the United States Of course, it is very difficult to judge but I think that there should be some changes in the tax system of the Unites States. Here are some ideas for tax reform: Those countries which supply the United States with their products (for example, China) should pay more for import of their products. It is necessary to replace the existing federal Tax Code of the United States into a more simplified version. It will be good to impose no taxes on export and corporate profit in order to save jobs and to make the US companies more competitive. There should be no taxes on education tuition fees. Non-filers should pay taxes when they buy goods or use services. Those who get low incomes should not pay any taxes. 3. Conclusion In conclusion, it is necessary to say that taxes play an important role both in the economy of the country and in the life of citizens. Tax money is used by the government to run the most significant activities. This money may also be invested in some projects which will be beneficial for all the citizens of the country. It is very important to have such a tax system in the country which will be appropriate for citizens of all the levels of income and will allow all of them to live a full life. That is why we need tax reforms.

Oliver Twist, Hamlet, and Autism :: essays research papers

There are things in life which have an impact on us, an event, a place, movie, a person and many other experiences influence our thoughts and emotions. People also feel touched by things they read. There are books which make you cry or keep you in tension all these things are considered memorable. I have been affected by innumerable books and articles of which I am going to discuss the three most memorable pieces of literature I have read. Which are: Hamlet, Oliver Twist and an article on Autism. I chose to write about these pieces of literature because apart from having impacted me they have a similar topic which makes the term paper more appealing. Hamlet is one of my favorite plays written by William Shakespeare. Just by being written by my favorite author, Shakespeare, makes it memorable, but apart from that the play has a well structured plot and vivid characters. The play, Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, was first performed around 1600. Since then, it has proven to be one of the English language's most enduring stories, and there has never been a decade that hasn't seen dozens of new productions. Hamlet has come to the screen numerous times, in incarnations varying from early, silent versions to grand, colour epics.1 The story centres on Hamlet, a thirty-year old Prince of Denmark during the twelfth century, who is mourning the death of his beloved father and the untimely wedding of his mother, Gertrude, to his uncle Claudius.2 Hamlet sees his mother's sudden re-marriage as a betrayal of her union with his father, but worse news is yet to come. An apparition, appearing in the shape of Hamlet's father, haunts Elsinore Castle, and when Hamlet confronts the ghost, it claims to be the true spirit of the late king, doomed to walk the Earth for a set time. It also states that, by using a fast-acting, deadly poison, Claudius committed murder to claim both queen and crown for himself. Hamlet vows revenge, and thus begins either his slow spiral into madness or his carefully orchestrated act to appear insane.3 The mixture of fantasy and reality if one of the things I like about Hamlet. The appearance of the â€Å"ghost† at the beginning of the play makes the plot exiting and grabs people attention immediately.

Stop Literary Censorship Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Stop Literary Censorship      Ã‚  Ã‚   Censorship is becoming more and more common all over the world today. The online Encarta Encyclopedia defines censorship as, "supervision and control of the information and ideas that are circulated among the people within a society. In modern times, censorship refers to the examination of books...for the purpose of altering or suppressing parts thought to be objectionable or offensive." Henry Reichman from the Education World website defines it as, "the removal, suppression, or restricted circulation of literary, artistic, or educational materials . . . on the grounds that these are morally or otherwise objectionable in light of the standards applied by the censor" (Cromwell). Definitions aside, great literature is being banned by many people for a number of reasons and shouldn't be.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The First Amendment to the Constitution states that: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances (Daniels 9-10). This means freedom. . .freedom for whatever reasons, but it's freedom. People are trying to take the freedom of choosing, choosing what books we each want to read, away.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stephen Gottlieb states that, "censors tend to fall into three groups: 1) Parents who hear about or see material that troubles them; 2) Community members or parents who react to a book without having read it; and 3) Local, state, and national organizations, some of which have specific lists of titles which they consider objectionable." Encarta En... ...ry   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2002. http://www.education-world.com/a_curr/curr031.shtml. Daniels, Walter M., ed. The Censorship of Books. New York: The H.W. Wilson   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Company, 1954. Dunne, Diane. "Challenges are Widespread." Education World. 20 February 2002.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.educationworld.com/a_admin/admin157.shtml. ENCARTA Encyclopedia. 18 February   2002.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://encarta.msn.com/index/conciseindex/1F/01f74000.htm?z=1. Gottlieb, Stephen S. "The Right to Read: Censorship in the School Library." 10 February   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2002. http://www.indiana.edu/~eric_rec/ieo/digests/d53.html. Staples, Suzanne Fisher. "What Johnny Can't Read: Censorship in American Libraries."   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jersey City State College.   20 February 2002.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/ALAN/winter96/pubCONN.html.

Essay --

Introduction This report will introduce a five star hotel of ‘ice world’ that is located in Zermatt, Switzerland. In addition, this essay will also introduce a business plan of the ‘ice world’ that includes business background, business goals, website goals and competitor websites. The main point of this report is to analyse the environment of target audiences and website competitors to find the website target market. Also research needs to be undertaken to find what kind of service suits customers of website tasks and to make a decision of how to design the website page templates, making page contents and tools. Moreover, the analysis process intends to increase marketing techniques and market share. Business Background Zermatt has 29 mountains around the little town, which has the best ice resort in the world and where local people can ski all year around. ‘Ice world’ is built in the middle of the Alps Mountain range and has 70 rooms that include 30 deluxe rooms and 15 presidential suites. There are also luxurious entertainment facilities in the ice hotel, such as an ice bar, massage service and spa, so that customers can enjoy their relaxation time. In addition, the restaurant also has a variety of food from around the world that can make customers feel at home. The hotel has 90 professional staff and provides the best industry standard of service to customers in this particular ice hotel. Business Goals The most important business goals are to increase market share and develop the benefit of the hotel, such as using the power of internet and social media to increase hotel popularity and build strong brands of the hotel. Although, respect of customer’s cultures is a vital part of hotel atmosphere, especially for internationa... ...tion from Internet. Use internet to reserve a room is very common to see, (Musante, Bojanic & Zhang, 2009) and it’s a good chance for hotel to advertising and increase market share. Our website has include some popular social media links that could help hotels to increase reputation and customers also can visit our websites in a very convenience way. Conclusion This report has shown that business goals, the objectives of a hotel’s website that with the two main competitors, comparative analysis of what’s do customers need and want. In addition, this report also displayed the features details of a hotel, and how it’s shown on the hotel's website. In conclusion, it’s introduced the some ways of treat people to view our hotel’s website, and how to increase people's interest. Moreover, these programs could help the hotel to achieve their goals, objectives and target.

Critical Lens Essay

  Fyodor Dostrevsky said, â€Å"Fear is simply the consequence of every lie.† This quote means that you aren’t afraid of the action you made but you’re scared of the action that are going to be made toward you as a punishment. This quote agreeable because a lot of the time when a person lies there thinking right then an there, the fear of what’s going to happen to you when the truth comes out is what punishes you the most not the actual consequence it’s self. Fyodor Dostrevskys quote is evident in All-night Part by R.L.Stine and The Crucible by Arthur Miller because in each wok of literature they all have to face the consequences of lying and the fear of their punishment. Through Abigail in The Crucible by Arthur Miller she can relate to the quote because she feared what would happen to her if she told Bettys father Reverend Parris what really happened in the woods. So to save her self from the trouble that would lie ahead for her if she did tell the truth she blamed everything on Tituba. This is evident to the conflict man vs. society because she felt the need to lie to save her self from getting into whatever punishment the town of Salem would set for her which would be something along the lines of being whipped or stoned. This relates to the critical lens because it shows what happens when you fear the consequences of the lie more then the actual lie its self. In All-night party by R.L.Stine the lie that was told from Patrick when he tells his group of friends was that the cut on his hand was really from the broken window. Patrick can relate to the critical lens because he feared the consequences of his lie which would be him going to jail for killing Cindy. This is similar to the conflict person vs. person because there was a problem between Patrick and Cindy that ended with Patrick killing her. In the end he confesses to his wrongdoing and was put into jail. Fyodor Dostrevsky said, â€Å"Fear is simply the consequence of every lie† I found this quote agreeable because in The Crucible you see what someone would do just to not face there punishment due to lying which would be person vs. society. All-night party shows an example what happens when you lie and then tell the truth, which would be p erson vs. person. Each work of literature has its own sense of conflict. The Crucibles conflict was Abigail lying about what Betty, Tituba and herself did in the woods. That she blamed on Tituba. In All-night party they deal with the death of their best friend.

Nitric oxide therapy

There is not more than part for the lungs during the fetal life. At much(prenominal) st grow, the break of the lungs is carried out by the placenta done the umbilical cord. Fetal life is characterized by a high pulmonic vascular resistance (PVR) with pulmonary line of reasoning tend being restricted to a less(prenominal) than 10% lung-directed cardiac output. Blood vessels that bind the heart and the lungs are constricted, sending the locomote line of business back to the heart through the ductus arteriosus, a extraction vessel that functions altogether in fetuses. In other words, the lungs in the fetal stage are bypassed.At birth, when the lungs lastly assume the function of gas exchange, the PVR decreases, al broken ining for an append in pulmonary blood string up. The blood vessel that is previously constricted, favoring blood settle to the ductus arteriosus is now slack offed, simultaneously with the permanent blockage of the ductus arteriosus. This happens as the lungs become ventilated and the dental group O tension is increased.Persistent pulmonic Hypertansion occurs when at birth, the lung circulation cave ins to achieve the normal drop in PVR, preventing the transition from fetal to newborn circulation. This in addition-ran results in the round-the-clock functioning of the ductus arteriosus which impairs the campaign of blood from the heart to the lungs and limits the amount of type O that brush off be picked up by the blood to be delivered to the different split of the body. The blood that come downs back to the heart trunk in an unoxygenated state which could point to the development of refractory hypoxemia, respiratory damage and acidosis.It is only in 1987 when nitrous oxide (NO) was recognize as a key endothelial-derived vasodilative molecule. From then, research has been expanded to establish the economic consumption of NO throughout the body, and to discover its remediation potential. To appreciate the nu mbers of NO in alleviating pulmonary high blood pressure, it is important to gain pinch of its chemistry and apparatus of action.Nitric Oxide is a vaporous intricate that rapidly diffuses across tissue layers and has a single unpaired electron. This explains its high reactivity, oddly to Hemoglobin (Hb) in the blood. This nature of the compound accounts for its noted biological significance. It has been discovered to function as stimulant in the going away of hormones as neurotransmitter a significant instrumentalist in the magnification of synaptic actions and acquisition processes and an inhibitor in platelet aggregation, which makes it a curiosity in the field of cardiology.In the field of pulmonology, nitric oxide is valued for its vasodilatory effect in the blood vessels. This effect can be explained by the mechanism involving the compounds diffusion from the vascular endothelial cells to the subjacent sedate muscles of the pulmonary vessels. From here, NO activates t he enzyme guanylate cyclase to change conformation to promote smooth muscle relaxation by converting GTP to cGMP. This vasodilatory effect signals the mechanism to modulate blood flow and vascular tone.Given the mechanism of action, it is easy to deduct how NO can be use as a therapeutic mover in the management of blood-vessel-related unhealthinesss such as those related to the heart (hypertension), the reproductive system(erectile dysfunction) and in this case, the lungs (Persistent pulmonic Hypertension in infants (PPHN)).Before NO, preachings apply in infant PPHN are hyperventilation, continuous excerpt of alkali, tube vasodilation and vasodilator drugs. A study on the effects of these respective(a) preachings was done by Ellington, Jr., et. al., (2001) showing no specific therapy clearly associated with the reduction in mortality in infants. In find whether therapies were equivalent, the study showed that hyperventilation cut the attempt of extracorporeal membrane o xygenation (ECMO) with no oxygen increase at 28 long time, while alkali infusion increased the use of ECMO as vigorous as an increase in the use of oxygen at 28 days (Ellington, Jr., et. al., 2001). ECMO is a highly invasive map that overlooks major procedure, performed in serious cases of PPHN when patients fail to respond to treatments.It is only after post-lab studies were equal to identify the role of NO-cGMP signaling in the regulation of lung circulation that NO therapy was developed for PPHN (Channick, R., et. al., 1994). same previous treatment methods, NO therapy improves oxygenation as well as reduces the risk of ECMO in infants with PPHN (Oliveira, et. al., 2000). But because nitric oxide is cap qualified of playacting on its own upon stirring to relax the blood vessels and improve circulation, it is considered as a less invasive procedure in the management of infants with PPHN compared to the previous treatments mentioned in the antecede paragraphs.The efficien cy of the treatment procedure can be determined by observing its effect on the patients ventilation and blood flow, which is a determinant of the efficiency of transpulmonary oxygenation and partial derivative pressure of oxygen in the systemic arterial blood (Ichinose, et. al., 2004). NO therapy enhances the mechanism by which blood flow is redistri only ife toward regions in the lungs with better ventilation and high intra-alveolar partial pressure of oxygen (Ichinose, et. al., 2004).Other treatments utilize in the management of PPHN such as tube ventilation, alkalosis and intravenous vasodilators were shown to be stiff in ameliorating pulmonary hypertension in some infants, but in many instances, it does not, as ECMO almost always becomes a necessity in pitch the life of the infants (Ichinose, et. al., 2004). A type of hyperventilation has been turn out not to increase the risk of ECMO, but unlike NO-therapy (Ellington, Jr., et. al., 2001), it is invasive as to require a tube inserted inside the infants trachea.In patients with book PPHN, there is an improvement in arterial p a O 2, reduced necessity of ventilator support and low risk of progression to severe PPHN (Sadiq, et. al., 2003) and this, without the risk of increasing the incidence of adverse outcomes when the age of 1 year is reached (Clark, et. al. 2003). Inhaled NO is able to rapidly increase the arterial oxygen tension and increase the blood flow in the lungs without causing systemic hypotension (Roberts, 1992 Kinsella, 1992). No apparent increase in unwholesomeness has been shown after one year of treatment with NO (Aparna and Hoskote, 2008). For high-risk infants with PPHN, inhaled NO has been erect to lessen the risk of pulmonary hypertensive crisis (PHTC) after essential heart surgery (Miller, et. al. 2000).Studies on the role of NO in the management of PPHM show that while it is therapeutic, it also prevents the occurrence of chronic lung disease which affects morbidity. vascul ar cell proliferation and pulmonary vascular disease have been shown to decrease with NO in the newborn (Roberts, et. al., 1995). In addition, while NO treatment can be more costly, it is the most cost-effective among other methods because of the reduced need for ECMO (Angus, et. al. 2003). For these reasons, it is understandable why NO therapy seems to have taken over in the area of PPHN treatment.ReferencesAngus DC, Clermont G, Watson RS, et al. (2003). Cost-effectiveness of inhaled nitric oxide in the treatment of neonatal respiratory failure in the United States. Pediatrics. 112, 13511360.Aparna U., Hoskote, MD., et. al. (2008). Airway function in infants treated with inhaled nitric oxide for haunting pulmonary hypertension. Pediatr Pulmonol. 43, 224-235.Channick R, Hoch R, Newhart J, et al. (1994). Improvement in pulmonary hypertension and hypoxemia during nitric oxide inhalation in a patient with end-stage pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 149, 811-814Clark, RH., Huckaby, JL., et. al. (2003). Low-Dose Nitric Oxide Therapy for Persistent pneumonic Hypertension 1-Year Follow-up. Journal of Perinatology. 23, 300.Ellington Jr, Marty, OReilly, et. al. (2001). Child wellness Status, Neurodevelopmental Outcome, and Parental Satisfaction in a randomize, Controlled Trial of Nitric Oxide for Persistent pneumonic Hypertension of the Newborn. Pediatrics,107.Ichinose F, Roberts JD, et.al. (2004). A Selective Pulmonary Vasodilator Current Uses and Therapeutic Potential. Circulation. 109, 3106-3111. Kinsella JP, Neish SR, Shaffer E, et al. (1992). Low-dose inhalation nitric oxide in unappeasable pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Lancet. 340, 819820.Miller O, Tang SW, et. al. (2000) Inhaled nitric oxide and bar of pulmonary hypertension after congenital heart surgery A randomised double-blind study. The Lancet. 356 9240, 1464.Oliveira cac, et. al. (2000). Inhaled Nitric oxide in the management of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn a meta-analysis. Rev. Hosp. Clin. Fac. Med. S., 55 (4) 145-154, 2000Roberts JD Jr, Polaner DM, Lang P, et al. (1992). Inhaled nitric oxide in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Lancet. 340, 818819.Roberts JD Jr, Roberts CT, Jones RC, et al. (1995). Continuous nitric oxide inhalation reduces pulmonary arterial morphologic changes, right ventricular hypertrophy, and growth retardent in the hypoxic newborn rat. Circ Res. 76, 215-222.Sadiq HF, Mantych G, et. al. (2003). Inhaled Nitric Oxide in the Treatment of Moderate Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn A Randomized Controlled, Multicenter Trial. Journal of Perinatology. 23, (2).98